Abstract:Package managers are legion. Every programming language and operating system has its own solution, each with subtly different semantics for dependency resolution. This fragmentation prevents multilingual projects from expressing precise dependencies across language ecosystems; it leaves external system and hardware dependencies implicit and unversioned; it obscures security vulnerabilities that lie in the full dependency graph. We present the \textit{Package Calculus}, a formalism for dependency resolution that unifies the core semantics of diverse package managers. Through a series of formal reductions, we show how this core is expressive enough to model the diversity that real-world package managers employ in their dependency expression languages. By using the Package Calculus as the intermediate representation of dependencies, we enable translation between distinct package managers and resolution across ecosystems.
在美國執業數十年的移民律師黃笑生告訴BBC中文，在移民政策及執法措施收緊之後，對於透過「走線」方式偷渡入境美國、逾期滯留在美國的群體會受到較大的影響，「這一類人現在處於極度焦慮過程中，每天生活在害怕被逮捕、被遣返中。」
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